Category Archives: Family Medicine Stories

This Picture Has a Story

By Jennifer Hammonds, LCSW

This picture has a story—one that still makes me shake my head a little.

The other day, I had an important letter that needed to go in the mail on my way to work. The night before, I did everything “right”: sealed it, stamped it, put it in my purse, and left myself a reminder on the front door. Halfway through my commute, I realized I had forgotten to drop it off. Frustrated, I glanced at my purse and the envelope wasn’t there.

When I got to work, I called my husband to search the house: the floor, the office, even the porch. Hours later, a thought occurred: Could I have put it in the mailbox on autopilot? Surely not. A text from my husband confirmed it: not only was the letter in the mailbox, it wasn’t even addressed. My brain fog had officially reached new levels.

Looking back, this moment was funny but also part of a bigger story. Years earlier, I had spoken with my primary care physician about new symptoms: heart palpitations, trouble sleeping, itchy skin. I was told it was likely work stress. Later, at my gynecology visit, I asked what felt like an uncomfortable question: Could this be perimenopause? I was reassured I was too young and reminded that stress affects everything.

Then came hot flashes, weight gain, and most unsettling – brain fog.

“I have to be smart at my job,” I said. “What is wrong with me?”

My husband was supportive but confused. Memory lapses, poor focus, and lack of follow-through were uncharacteristic. At one point he suggested, “Maybe you need one of those memory clinic assessments like the ones you do at work.” Cue panic.

Around this time, I started seeing emerging research and personal stories about women’s health. For the first time, I recognized myself. Motivated, I sought a gynecologic provider with expertise in women’s health. I finally received education, hormone testing, and validation. In coordination with my PCP, we developed a treatment plan that included hormone therapy and Vyvanse, as declining estrogen appeared to unmask longstanding inattentive ADHD. Combined with behavioral strategies I already knew, I began to feel more like myself than I had in years.

As I felt better personally, I reflected professionally. How many times had I attributed similar presentations in midlife women to anxiety or stress alone? How often had workups stopped at a normal TSH? How many “scatterbrained” patients were experiencing cognitive load and executive dysfunction related to menopause? Or even unmasked ADHD?

In conversations with female colleagues, we began shifting our clinical lens. Viewing menopause through a cognitive load framework helped us better differentiate menopause-related cognitive changes from ADHD. Treatment became more tailored, often combining hormone therapy with ADHD-specific pharmacologic and behavioral interventions. Patients felt heard, and we felt less frustrated as vague cognitive complaints became navigable.

A colleague and I hope to present this work in the coming months, but even now, our approach to women in midlife (and the questions we ask) has changed.

As a long-time therapist, I am trained to keep personal experiences private, so sharing this story requires vulnerability. But in family medicine and behavioral health, lived experience sharpens clinical instincts. This journey has made me a more thoughtful, patient-centered clinician—and a more empathetic partner to the women I serve.

Reflections on Participation in Community Outreach Event

By Sarah Willoughby, LCSW, Freeman Health System

On Sunday, Sept 7, 2025, I attended a community outreach event hosted by the Neighborhood Resilience Project in collaboration with McAuley Ministries and the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM). This was a partnership through the 2025 STFM Conference on Practice & Quality Improvement in Pittsburgh, PA.

I rode to the main site with Marisol Valentin, the director of McAuley Ministries, who told me about the sad history of the Hill District of Pittsburgh and the area’s increased poverty, violence, and other problems. Then we met Father Paul Abernathy, who had the vision to start the Neighborhood Resilience Project—a trauma-informed community development nonprofit.

He provided a tour of the medical/behavioral health facility and led a round table discussion along with one of the McAuley Ministries board members, two volunteer physicians, chief administrator, the nursing director, and the volunteer coordinator. Together, they described their work in revitalizing the Hill community—a neighborhood negatively affected by gentrification.

Father Abernathy and others realized residents of this neighborhood have experienced individual and community trauma, which is affecting their emotional and physical health. I loved their focus “to promote resilient, healing and healthy communities so that people can be healthy enough to sustain opportunities and realize their potential.” I have spent my entire career—35 years—doing this in various rural and urban areas.

During the last 15 years, the Neighborhood Resilience Project has worked with community members, leaders, volunteers, and donors to strengthen the community by focusing on three pillars:

  • Community Support
  • Health and Well-Being
  • Leadership Development

The Neighborhood Resilience Project’s motto is to engage community members to transform them into a resilient, healing, and healthy community. Programs include a free Health Care Center, a Trauma Response Program, a Backpack Feeding Program, and, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a Vaccination Collaborative.

Father Abernathy was working in a predominantly black and underserved community in Pittsburgh and regularly interacting with men, women, and children who had repeatedly experienced multiple forms of trauma. He was a combat veteran of the Iraq War and realized that trauma in the form of hunger, abuse, homelessness, lack of opportunity, racism, lack of health care, and violence greatly informed the worldview and culture of the community.

Understanding that trauma was the greatest barrier facing the development of his community, Father Abernathy began to ask the question, “how do you heal an entire community that has been inundated with trauma for generations?”

Here are some of the Neighborhood Resilience Project’s recent accomplishments:

  1. Through 2021, the organization has helped facilitate more than 2,500 COVID-19 vaccinations, deployed more than 60 times to homicides related to gun violence, provided more than 14,000 items of food and 5,000 clothing items, provided more than $23,000 in emergency relief and document recovery, and had close to 200 volunteer hours through clinicians alone such as to provide free care to the uninsured in the region.
  2. The organization has hosted groups from across the nation who had been previously trained in the Trauma Informed Community Development Framework for a Summit in June 2021.
  3. The organization utilized “Micro-Community Interventions” in the Hill District and saw an improvement in overall well-being as analyzed by the well-being tool, “ImHealthy.”
  4. The organization has renovated its Free Health Center space to double in size and now offers medical and dental care.
  5. In partnership with the Jefferson Regional Foundation, the Neighborhood Resilience Project is rolling out work in the Mon-Valley – first by training one cohort from the McKeesport, Clairton and Duquesne neighborhoods (for a total of three cohorts) in the Trauma Informed Community Development Framework and then coaching those cohorts through the roll-out phase.

Visiting the Neighborhood Resilience Project and meeting key team members was inspiring to me personally and professionally. We’d like our community residents in the Joplin, MO, area to be healthier, and we struggle to find ways to do this. In April, we had a serious storm in our rural area, causing damage to trees, fences, homes, and sheds. Just this week, a woman whose farm is still significantly damaged and whose life has seriously been impacted told her story.

This “Trauma Informed Community Development” (TICD) model in our community might be helpful to Joplin, as many were devastated by the EF5 tornado in 2011 that killed more than 200 people. I plan to meet with someone from the Neighborhood Resilience Project in the next month and learn more about the imHealthy tool and ”micro interventions” we might be able to implement in our community.

Using While Pregnant

A Life-Changing Knock


By Meheret Mekonnen, MS

The fear of having a newborn taken away—this is a reality for many women who test positive for substances on a urine drug screen during pregnancy. The stigma and complications of substance use disorders are associated with insufficient prenatal care, inadequate nutrition, chronic medical conditions, and domestic violence.¹

Prenatal substance use and neonatal substance exposure have become pressing public health concerns. It is estimated that more than 4.4% of pregnant women in the United States use 1 or more substances during pregnancy.² Opioid use among pregnant women and cases of neonatal abstinence syndrome have risen alarmingly, with a 131% increase in opioid-related diagnoses during delivery hospitalizations from 2010 to 2017.² Each year, approximately 800,000 of the 4.3 million neonates born in the United States are exposed to illicit substances in utero.³ These statistics, along with countless patient testimonials, highlight the critical need for health care professionals to implement screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment as part of routine care.

One of the many challenges clinicians and institutions face is how to effectively screen pregnant patients. Many facilities still rely on unstandardized substance use screening, often in the form of urine toxicology testing. However, urine drug screens have demonstrated poor positive predictive value and reveal significant disparities in outcomes.⁴ Historically, unstandardized screening and disclosure practices have been shaped by provider bias, particularly against single women with poor psychological, financial, or social functioning; women with delivery complications; Black women; and those receiving care in public health settings.⁵

Leading organizations—including the World Health Organization (WHO), the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)—strongly recommend standardizing substance use screening as part of comprehensive obstetric care.⁶ Validated screening tools such as the 5Ps (Parents, Peers, Partner, Pregnancy, Past) offer a structured approach to assessing alcohol and substance use during pregnancy.⁷

Critics of universal verbal screening cite concerns about patient honesty, staff burden, and time constraints. Yet, successful models demonstrate that integration into existing clinic workflows, engagement of multidisciplinary stakeholders, and support from institutional leadership can facilitate adoption and acceptance.⁸

More work is needed to address disparities in substance use screening and the broader public health challenge of prenatal substance exposure. However, universal verbal screening is a meaningful step toward building patient trust, mitigating provider bias, and promoting equity in prenatal care.⁹

References

1. Wendell AD. Overview and epidemiology of substance abuse in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013;56(1):91–96. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/clinicalobgyn/FullText/2013/03000/Overview_and_Epidemiology_of_Substance_Abuse_in.15.aspx

2. Hirai AH, Ko JY, Owens PL, Stocks C, Patrick SW. Neonatal abstinence syndrome and maternal opioid-related diagnoses in the US, 2010–2017. JAMA. 2021;325(2):146–147.

3. Joseph R, Brady E, Hudson ME, Moran MM. Perinatal substance exposure and long-term outcomes in children: a literature review. 2020.

4. Chin JM, Chen E, Wright T, Bravo RM, Nakashima E, Kiyokawa M, et al. Urine drug screening on labor and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2022;4(6):100733. doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100733

5. Madora M, Wetzler S, Jose A, Bernstein PS. Pregnant and postpartum people with substance use disorders: understanding the obstetrical care provider’s roles and responsibilities. Matern Child Health J. 2022;26(7):1409–1414.

6. Whittaker A. Guidelines for the identification and management of substance use and substance use disorders in pregnancy. By World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2014. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2015;34(3):340–341.

7. Hostage JC, Brock J, Craig W, Sepulveda D. Integrating screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment for substance abuse into prenatal care [3L]. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131:129S–130S.

8. Chasnoff IJ, Wells AM, McGourty RF, Bailey LK. Validation of the 4P’s Plus© screen for substance use in pregnancy. J Perinatol. 2007;27(12):744–748.

9. Ulrich M, Memmo EP, Cruz A, Heinz A, Iverson RE. Implementation of a universal screening process for substance use in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2021;137(4):695–701.